Company and market analysis of BMW

Company and market analysis of BMW Businesses and enterprises become competitive in the market by consistently attracting and retaining customers. They have to do this by exchanging different kind of assets with consumers like: sufficient information, money, bonds, products, services, rank, and sentiment. In these cases of exchange, both the company and the consumers get benefitted.1 Recent update on our BMW cars overall sales rate: 7% rise 9.1% rise 2004 3.2 % rise 2005 1.5 % rise 2006 2% rise 2007 3% rise 2008 5% fall 2009 4.7 % fall Last two years we are suffering decline in sales rate. As our BMW Company is trying to overcome from the consistent decline of sales, we have to analyze some questions precisely. What should we sell in the market for the consumers? What will attract them to buy our cars? What will prompt them to buy that our good or service? What gives them the optimal utility? Understanding of consumer behavior will answer these questions very easily. This report contains the meaning and analyzing consumer behavior and its significance to make our BMW Company overcome from its measurable situation. The word consumer behavior is defined as, the behavior that consumer show when they are purchasing, searching, using, analyzing while buying, evaluating and disposing the product and services which they look forward to assure their wants. Consumer behavior give importance on how consumers always make their decisions to spend their available assets (time, money, effort) on consumption of various products and services.[ G.S. Gupta, 2004, P 119] Customers and Consumers The term customer refers to someone who on a regular basis purchases any products and services from a particular shop or company in the market.2 The term Consumer is defined as someone who is engaged in any of the activities those are stated in the definition of consumer behavior. So their difference is based on the terms of a specific company or firm. The term consumer behavior can be classified into two different kinds of consuming units: the personal consumer and the organizational consumer.3 The personal consumer means an individual user. The person purchase goods and services for his or her own use, for the use his/her household, for his/her family or as a gift for a friend in any occasion. The organizational consumer this generally refers to the profit and not-for-profit organizations, government agencies (local, state, and Federal), and institutions (such as schools, hospital, and prisons), which purchase products, machineries, utilities, equipment, and service to run their organizations. How to remain competitive in the market? To become the most desired company in the market a company has to give more value and importance to the consumers than the other rival companies provide them. Customer Value refers to the distinction between all the utilities received from a total product and all the costs to buy those benefits and utilities. A company has to be more responsive and helpful to the consumers needs than the competitor companies in the market. A specialized analyzing of customer behavior is the key factor for strategic marketing formulation. The organizations success or failure, decline in sales or surplus in sales depends on the consumers reactions to this specific marketing strategy. Marketing strategy starts with the analyzing of market segmentation, target market which means, the current state of the business environment, other rival companies and customers.4 The next stage is research on marketing mix. The marketing mix includes the product, price, place and promotion to the target market. The final stage will be the computing the outcomes of the company because of the current marketing strategy and consumers reaction to it. Consumer attitude refers to the consumer emotions like: their thought, feelings, and approach toward some elements of the business and marketing environment such as a retail store, promotions or product. Tri-component attitude models and the multi-attribute attitude models provide a somewhat different perspective on the number of component parts of an attitude and how parts are arranged or interrelated. Impact of External Influences on consumer behavior There is a huge impact of external influences on consumer behavior. The external in fluencies includes: Global and national culture, their subcultures, family, income, social class, opinion leaders etc.5 Now I will discuss a variety of factors those have an impact on consumer behavior. Besides, in this section it will be discussed about how our company should deal with these factors and how there will be augmentation of our car sales by dealing with these factors. 1)Factors those effects families and households purchasing decision: Families have higher incomes than the households. Because in the families more people are employed comparing to the households. There are some factors which have a great impact on the purchasing decisions of the families and households. We should give a vast significance on these factors. Besides, we have research some other factors like: age of head of household or family, marital status, presence of children, and employment status. a)Age of head of household or family: If the age head of the household or the family is not that much then it is very easily understood that the person is not that experienced. So he will be in great confusion in making purchasing decision like: buying or not buying products. For attracting them we should take some steps. Like: We have to make some business promotions where it is shown that a young head of a family is buying our cars and get satisfied in the end. Like: BMW 5 Series 523i SE 4dr Saloon6. If the head of the family is experienced then we have to launch some unique modifications in the BMW cars like: inclusion of NOS, Ejector seat and extra exhaust tips etc. because the person is really capable of making a good purchasing decision. On the other hand, we can launch some business promotions for them as well. b) Marital Status: Most of the young people of our country are unmarried. So we have to bring those modifications in our cars which really attracts the young generation a great deal. Like: we need to make some cars with gorgeous and attractive colors which really attracts the young generations. Besides, these modifications can be: bringing on fantasy and sensation in the BMW. For the married people we have to launch those products which help one in their married life and in the family. Besides, we have to make certain modifications in our current products so that it will be greatly convenient for the families and households. For example: we need make more promotions for some cars with great space into it so that the whole family can ride on to it.7 Like: BMW 3 Series 320d [184] Sport Plus Edition 5dr Step Auto Diesel Touring6 c) Presence of children: If there is the presence of more children in the families then there will be need of more space in our cars for their use. So we have to give emphasis mostly in these kinds of families to sell our product. Besides, we have to launch certain cars with more space.7 Like: BMW 1 Series 123d M Sport 2dr Step Auto Diesel Convertible or BMW 1 Series 135i M Sport 2dr DCT Coupe6 2) Family adaptability: Family adaptability is the ability of a family system to change its current situation of structure, relationships and relationship rules when there is a situational, economical and developmental change and stress. Family adaptability should be understood by the company while selling off their products and services.7 3)Status: Status means, the position that is achieved or acquired by someone in a family or a group in the society. Besides it includes the rights, approaches towards society and duties associated with that acquired position. Status is defined in the depending upon the factors of age or sex, family, occupation, and friendship or common interest. We have to analyze the status section carefully. If a person is in high status then we have to launch certain BMW cars with luxurious and unique facilities for them. Like: BMW 3 Series 330d SE 5dr Step Auto Diesel Touring ( £29,015 or  £505 per month) or BMW 5 Series 520d SE 5dr Step Auto Diesel Touring ( £29,598 or  £501 per month)6. If a person is in low or middle class status then we have to launch economical cars for them as well as making promotions for those economical products as much as possible. Like: BMW 5 Series 520d SE 4dr Step Auto Diesel Saloon ( £27,271 or  £455 per month) or BMW 3 Series 320d Efficient Dynamics 4dr Diesel Saloon ( £22,514 or  £367 per month) 6. On the other hand, we can sell our present product in an economical way to those consumers. [Loudon, 2001, P 200] 4) Norms: Norms are the rules and standards that the families and the groups within the society are expected to follow by heart and soul. So we have to conduct thorough market research about what the certain families and groups want for them. We have to sell our products and services to them by meeting their needs. Besides we can make certain modifications in our cars for certain groups. In this way we can overcome from our decline in sales. [Loudon, 2001, P 200] 5)Socialization: Socialization is defined as, how a young member of a group or family learns the norms, values, culture of that specific family and group. Consumer socialization refers to the way of how a consumer learns their function as an effective consumer in the market. This process is generally for the young generations. So we should sell our product to them by making unique modifications in our so that it attracts them greatly.3 Like: BMW 5 Series 520d SE 4dr Step Auto Diesel Saloon6 6) Power: Groups and families have power to influence their members purchasing decision and behavior. There are several sources of power within a family or a group. These includes: reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, expert power, and referent power. We have to utilize these forms of power to influence and attract consumers.3 We can use all three types of such group influence when developing several marketing promotions. Informational influence in promotion generally demonstrates powerful and experienced members of a group using a BMW. This will be a kind of message for the other members of the groups. The message can be like this: if you are or want to be in a group such as this one, you should use this car. It does not mean that the other members will be accepted or well rewarded by the group members for using it or punished for not using it. The message is really this: Everyone finds this car and its service the best among all. So all should use this brand without any hesitation including the members of that group or family. 7) Culture: Cultural changes affect the consumers in terms of their behavior and purchasing decision. So, understanding this has major implications for the formulation of marketing strategy. These typically include; product-planning, distribution channel, promotions, and target market decisions.3 a) Product Planning: We have to assess consumers present and emerging needs those will help us to identify new product launching and accomplish better product positioning among the target markets. b) Distribution Channels: Altering consumer-value scheme may guide to diverse shopping models, and innovative channel may be essential to attain customers. For customers who are time-pressured, retailers may offer home service for them which will be very much competitive for them. Retailers may use discounts and provide special offers to unemployed consumers. C)Promotion: Effective and precise promotions also help to make a purchasing decision. d) Market Segmentation: Familiarity with consumer assessment orientations provides a quantifiable set of variables, related to their needs. Some management theories on external influences on consumer behavior:8 The greater the social orientation on consumer the greater will be consumers propensity to accept family and social norms _So we have to take moves according to their needs as they will be more driven to their family and norms. We have to sell our cars in a way that it will meet the needs of certain families and norms. So their choice will be our first target and we have to sell our cars and modify our cars according to their choice. The greater the potential of a market choice to fulfill social aspirations or reduce social risks, the greater the chance of a consumer to make a positive purchasing decision _So we have to launch our cars in a way that it doesnt give rise to social risks and fulfill the social aspirations. Besides, we have to analyze what are their social aspirations and risks. We have to launch our cars according to their social culture. Consumers will have greater propensity to engage in relationship with such market that is recommended by the opinion leader of referral networks. _ In this case we have to convince the specific opinion leaders of specific referral networks by meeting their needs. We have to understand what kind of services and facilities they want from our car. We have to launch our car in such ways. Web references: 1 The customer is always right Online at http://www.bme.eu.com/article/The-customer-is-always-right/ [28 Aug, 2010] 2 Customer Satisfaction online at http://www.bmi-t.co.za/?q=content/customer-satisfaction [28 Aug, 2010] 3 consuming unit, socialization, power, culture/ Consumer Behaviour by Mr. Lawal Bello Online at http://www.nou.edu.ng/noun/NOUN_OCL/pdf/mkt%20724.pdf[28 Aug, 2010] 4 Marketing From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing [29 Aug, 2010] 5 Consumer Behavior Online at http://academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu/economic/friedman/mmconsumerbehavior.htm [29 Aug, 2010] 6 BMW Automobiles Online at http://www.bmw.co.uk/bmwuk/homepage/ [29 Aug, 2010] 7 FAMILY INFLUENCES DECISION MAKING Online at http://www.articlesbase.com/marketing-articles/family-influences-decision-making-family-decisionmaking-1014177.html [29 Aug, 2010]

Pumps & Physics Essay

What’s new? When I was thinking about which aspect of physics to investigate for my investigation, I knew it was a good idea to choose something that really interested me. At the time I was becoming more and more fascinated by subatomic particles. I liked the fact that much of it was new and not understood properly, unlike the classical physics that everyone associates the subject with. Unfortunately, high energy physics does not translate into good practical coursework. However, while reading Six Easy Pieces, a book adapted from Richard Feynman’s famous textbook The Feynman Lectures on Physics, I noticed that a very common everyday phenomenon is still not properly understood by physicists. Encouraged by the prospect of discovering something new, I read on. Chaotic ideas Feynman wrote (on page 66) â€Å"There is a physical problem that is common to many fields, that is very old, and that has not been solved†¦It is the analysis of circulating or turbulent fluids†¦No-one can analyse it from first principles† â€Å"Wow – something science can’t explain† I thought. I looked on the internet for further details and I found a poster from World Maths Year 2000 (http://www.newton.cam.ac.uk/wmy2kposters/march/), showing just the type of unpredictable fluid motion that Feynman was writing about. It’s a new and exciting branch of maths called chaos theory and it is just beginning to be understood mathematically. The main idea is that simple systems can show very complicated behaviour that seems to have no repeating pattern. The sums that describe these systems are difficult to get your head round and appear to be way beyond my abilities as an A-Level maths student. Despite this, I felt something chaotic was an excellent phenomenon to look into for this task – it’s a chance to do some experimental work where there isn’t a perfect formula or a flawless explanation in any textbook. I couldn’t rely on distorting my results to fit a simple law, so my experimentation had to be rigorous. Limitations It was important to find a subject that was practical to investigate at school. While I was watching water swirl down the drain as I filled the kettle at home, I wondered how widely-used machines like ship’s propellers cope with the unpredictable world of chaos. Propellers have an unusual and distinctive shape designed to reduce turbulence. I wanted to investigate why this particular shape works so well – and if it can tell us anything about turbulent flow. Conveniently, water and propellers are easy-to-use in school labs (or so I thought!). Best of all, I thought, if I could model the situation but ignore the effect of turbulent water, I could look at the mechanics of the propeller, and then compare the theory with what happens in real life. It seemed like a good mix of fresh ideas and traditional physics problems. I talked about my plans to some of my teachers and one of them mentioned that his son had done a PhD degree in the formation of bubbles by marine propellers – an effect called cavitation. This encouraged me to continue with this project, knowing that it relates to current areas of research and is an important and worthwhile topic. Research It turns out that one of the most interesting applications of pumps is in fire engines. As fire services are public organisations they make available plenty of high-quality, free information online. Engineering sites were also useful. * The Physics Behind Firefighting American high-school physics project http://ffden-2.phys.uaf.edu/212_fall2003.web.dir/Matt_Taylor/Matt1.dwt * How Fire Engines Work General information http://science.howstuffworks.com/fire-engine.htm * Bedfordshire & Luton Fire and Rescue Service My local fire brigade, who I actually went to visit to find out more http://www.bedsfire.gov.uk/index.htm * American Turbine: Pump Calculations Web-based program for working out quantities in pumping http://americanturbine.net/formulacalc/pump.htm * Impeller Design The engineering that goes into pumps http://homepage.mac.com/mrbach/mixdesign.htm * Firefighting.com Useful data on pumps but uses frames so I can’t give a full URL http://www.firefighting.com * How Things Work A simple explanation of propellers and aerofoils Lesley Firth, Kingfisher, 1983 p13 * The Physics of Firefighting Some simple principles explained Physics Teacher, vol 28, p 599 * Firefighting Contains a bit of physics but interesting background information Jack Gottschalk, Dorling Kindersley, 2002, ISBN: 0789489090, p128 * Go with the flow Article about modelling granular and fluid motion New Scientist, 2 August 2003, p38-39 Preliminary Experiments I wanted to find the most efficient propeller design. From research I found out that propellers have different shapes for different tasks, so my first goal was to get a propeller up and working, and then look at what I could change to make it run more efficiently. These are the variables I aimed to evaluate for their effect on power transfer efficiency in preliminary tests: * The speed of rotation * The size of the propeller * Since speed of rotation is less time consuming to collect data for, I’ll look at it first. I intend to plot a graph of speed of rotation vs. output flow rate. Considering the shape of a ship’s propeller, I expected to be looking at these variables later on: * The number of blades on the impeller * The shape of the blades * The orientation of the blades (what angle they are in relation to the axis of rotation) The physics principles that are important here are mechanical ones. The efficiency of the propeller depends on how much of its power goes into pushing water outwards and how much is wasted on heating the water up or causing it to form whirlpools. New Scientist’s article Go with the flow mentioned the Bernoulli Effect, which is observed on aircraft wings and on propeller blades. Lower pressure Higher pressure A blade with a curved plane and a flat plane forces some air or water on a longer route over the curve, and the rest takes the shorter flat route. The longer journey over the curved plane causes a drop in pressure, which translated to lift in planes, and thrust in propellers. According to all the textbooks, the optimum number of blades, the blade angle, the speed of rotation and the size of propeller all contribute to the efficiency. It seems like I’ve got my work cut out for me. I’m going to concentrate on rotation speed and its effect on water flow rate outwards. Let’s see what the preliminary tests show. Water flows in Axle Propeller Watertight casing Water flows out Planning Risk Assessment1,2 Apparatus or procedure Hazard Precautions All apparatus Accident or fire Supervise the experiment at all times and clear away at the end of the session. Store all equipment safely and securely. Boiling water for shaping polypropene propellers Risk of scalding Take care with boiling water, paying attention at all times. Stand well back from the saucepan and do not move it while the water is hot. Use a heat-insulating towel to manipulate the hot polypropene. Electric circuit in general Risk of fire from short circuiting etc. Use insulated wires, keep connections clean and dry, and always supervise the apparatus while current is flowing. Do not leave the set-up unattended without unplugging the mains supply. Use wires of appropriate diameter to prevent overheating resulting in fire. Rapidly rotating propeller Possibility of injury from contact with rotating blades of propeller Leave motor switched off until ready to record data. Take care to keep your distance from the propeller, especially fingers. Heavy equipment (power pack, retort stands) Falling equipment could injure Ensure stands etc. are sturdily placed and avoid placing equipment near the very edge of the work bench. Power pack Output: 13V 5A DC Input: 230V mains AC Risk of electrocution from mains input (risk of injury from output voltage is minimal) Keep power pack away from the wet part of the apparatus (to prevent conduction through water). In my experiment, I will keep all the electrics on a shelf above the level of the water-containing apparatus. Ensure all water-containing equipment is as waterproof as possible, and have towels to hand to soak up spills. Do not leave the set-up unattended without unplugging the mains supply. Preliminary findings In the research and rationale section, I identified variables I wanted to investigate. I conducted preliminary experiments to found out which variables were the most practical to focus on. The basic aim is to narrow my search down to one or possibly two variables and then find the most power-efficient value for each variable. Size of propeller was very difficult to control since I found that the propeller will only stir the water unless it tightly fits the container. Small propellers did not displace any water. Only propellers with a diameter 1 or 2mm less than the diameter of the container were effective in pumping water. As such, I decided not to consider investigating this variable. Angle of propeller blade inclination is possible to vary, but I found the range of angles possible with the materials I had chosen were too limited. I developed a method of cutting out rectangles of polypropene sheeting, boiling them in water and bending them to the right shape, but the blades often snapped and it was tricky to get the blades to remain at the chosen angle as they cooled and hardened. I decided to keep blade inclination constant. 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ might seem to be an appropriate angle of inclination to choose for all the propellers I will compare, but most propellers I found photographs of from my research showed shallower angles of blade inclination. I have decided that all my propellers will be inclined at 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because it is easier to make the propellers this shape and I assume that this is a more efficient angle than 45à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ since many propellers are about this angle. Speed of rotation turned out to be very simple to control with the use of the variable voltage power pack. I investigated the effect of power input on rotation speed (or angular velocity of the propeller as I call it from here on in). Using a stroboscope, I determined the linear relationship between the voltage supplying the motor (V) and the angular velocity (?) of the propeller shaft in air. I adjusted the frequency of the strobe light until the propeller appeared not to rotate. At this frequency, the time between flashes of the strobe and the time for one blade of the propeller to reach the former position of the blade before it is equal. If you find the angle in radians (?) between two adjacent blades and multiply it by the frequency (f) of the stroboscope (the time between flashes), you are left with the angular velocity (?) of the propeller, i.e. the rate of rotation. ? = ?f In the table below, V and f were determined experimentally and ? was calculated by multiplying f by ?. Since the frequency is only known to two significant figures, the angular velocity can only be determined to 2 s.f. Angle between blades, ? degrees 72 Angle between blades, ? radians 0.4? V V 0 2.25 4.25 6.25 8.75 10.00 13.00 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0.25 f s-1 0 13 26 36 50 57 74 0.5 ? rad s-1 0 16 32 45 63 72 93 0.5 Once the propeller is immersed in water the relationship between ? and V changes. The relationship is non-linear and, unlike the graph above, is different for every propeller. In light of the preliminary experiments I will modify this method to vary the power supplied to the drill that drives the propeller. It will not matter that the speed of rotation varies depending on how much the water resists the motion of the propeller. The only data that are needed to calculate the efficiency of the system are power input and useful power output. Efficiency At this point it is important to mention that I am concentrating on the efficiency of the propeller at displacing water. Percentage efficiency = useful power output / power input à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 100%, or rewritten in symbols, ? = Puseful out / Pin. Also, power input is proportional to input voltage since current is constant at 5 A in my equipment. P = VI and I = 5   Power (Watts) = 5 x voltage (Volts). Review of purpose of investigation The focus of this investigation is to determine the optimum number of blades for a propeller to have to maximise energy-efficiency. Experiments will compare propellers with 2, 4 and 6 blades. The energy efficiency of the three propellers when displacing water will be determined and compared. Their efficiency may not be independent of the rate of rotation. This too will be investigated and analysed. The analysed results will show which of the three propellers is most energy efficient in at each rate of rotation investigated. Extract from Eric Weisstein’s World of Physics http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Screw.html A screw is a simple machine that is actually a version of the inclined plane. The pitch of the screw corresponds to the inclination of the plane: a higher pitch (i.e., more threads per length) means less inclination, and thus easier turning, but also more turning that needs to be done to travel a given length. As with the other simple machines, the required force is reduced, but the amount of work done is the same. Apparatus 13V max. variable voltage power pack Retort stands and clamps 15 cm ruler Silicone polymer window sealant Garden hosepipe Expanded polystyrene for supports Multimeter (0.25V, 0.25A tolerance) Polypropene sheet for making propellers PET lemonade bottles (2 Litre capacity) Plastic funnel for filling Stopwatch Collection bottle with 2 litre mark ( 0.002 L) Cordless electric screwdriver/drill Steel axle Volumetric burette PET pudding basins to contain propeller Water Colour-coded wires and crocodile clips Saucepan, hotplate and tongs for heating and reshaping polypropene into propellers Scissors and craft knife for cutting out propeller shapes from polypropene sheet Apparatus set-up These diagrams show how I designed the equipment. The circuit diagram connected to the drill represents the power pack, and its voltage selector is displayed as a variable resistor. The plastic volute is the container that houses the propeller. To begin with, water fills the water tank and the plastic volute. Activating the power pack supplies an electric current to the drill, which rotates the propeller. Variables to control Variable How I will control it Viscosity of water Constant at constant temperature and pressure Power and speed of rotation of propeller Use a power pack instead of a battery to supply the cordless drill. Use the same power pack, axle and drill throughout the experiment. Rotation speed does not vary linearly with power but carefully designing the experiment can avoid problems. Room temperature and pressure Constant at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C due to central heating. Atmospheric pressure changes are insignificant to this experiment. Plan for laboratory sessions Session and duration Targets Before lab work begins Build the waterproof sections of the apparatus and seal them with silicone polymer. Buy a cordless drill. First two hours Set up all apparatus, construct the propellers and test the experiment to ensure it works as planned Second two hours Measure the time taken to raise 2 Litres of water through 50cm vertically by each of the three propellers, with 65W power input Third two hours Repeat the previous session’s experiment, but with the power set at 35W. Fourth two hours By considering the results collected before this session, decide which range of power input to investigate in detail Fifth two hours Continue gathering results for chosen range of power inputs Remaining time Investigate turning points and anomalies as necessary In between lab sessions Complete results tables, draws graphs as appropriate and start to analyse findings. Use analysis to modify strategy and to make decisions on how to progress. While I was designing which equipment to use and how to use it, I thought carefully about accuracy and sensitivity. The major difficulty with this experiment is the unpredictable nature of the propellers – unlike many other things physics, it is not easy to find a good estimate of what will happen in textbooks or online. One way of ensuring good results is to measure the variables to a reasonable number of significant figures. The multimeter I chose to use is quick to respond to changes in current or potential difference and has fine graduations on its scale, providing high sensitivity. It also has very tight tolerances as it is designed for use in high performance electronics, which contributes to the accuracy of the results I will gather. The multimeter is significantly more accurate and sensitive some of the digital alternatives at school. It responds to changes much quicker too. I have had to design and build quite a large amount of equipment just to make this project possible. To measure the volume of water pumped out by the system, I will calibrate the water collection bottle with graduations. To make sure they are very sensitive and accurate, I will use the high quality, high accuracy laboratory glassware available at school for use in chemistry and biology. The percentage error on the volume graduations on these pieces of equipment is very small (around 0.0003%). References for planning section 1. Cambridge University Department of Physics Physics risk assessment form http://www.phy.cam.ac.uk/cavendish/hands/forms/RAform.pdf 2. CLEAPSS Secondary Schools website http://www.cleapss.org.uk/secfr.htm Implementing Modifications to plan Problem Solution How to water-seal the entire system Careful application of silicone sealant and gaffer tape at all junctions. Apparatus tested underwater by pressurising with air using a bike pump. Leaks located by bubbles escaping where seals were incomplete. How to get water to flow from the water reservoir into the propeller cavity, without providing any extra pressure that would reduce the workload of the propeller Height of water reservoir bottle adjusted until water just reaches the top of the propeller cavity, without spilling out the output hole How to accurately measure the volumes of water used in each experiment Volumetric glassware borrowed from chemistry department Calculation of power efficiency of pumping system ?E = mg?h P = Et-1 Useful power output = power spent on raising water against the force of the Earth’s gravitational field Useful power output = (mass of water raised (mwater) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ strength of gravity at sea level (g) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ height through which the water is raised (?h)) / time taken (t) Pout = mwaterg?ht-1 The mass of water is proportional to its volume at constant temperature and atmospheric pressure. In these experiments, the temperature and pressure have been constant at 293K (20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C) and 105 Pa respectively. Under these conditions, water has a density of 998.2 kgm-3 (according to the Nuffield Advanced Science Data Book, Nuffield-Chelsea Curriculum Trust, Longman, 1984). Therefore, the time taken to raise the water and the number of blades on each propeller are the only variables in my experiment.

Biography of the Honourable Kathleen Wynne, Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing

Honourable Kathleen Wy nne, Minister of Municipal Af f airs and Housing Ministry of Municipal Affairs and Housing ABOUT | NEWSROOM | JOB OPPORTUNITIES | CONTACT US You are here > Home > About the Ministry > The Honourable Kathleen Wynne The Honourable Kathleen Wynne Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing Kathleen Wynne was first elected as the MPP for Don Valley West in October 2003, and is currently serving her third term. On October 20, 2011, Kathleen was appointed Minister of Municipal Affairs and Housing and Minister of Aboriginal Affairs.She has previously served as Minister of Transportation from 2010 to 2011 and Minister of Education from 2006 to 2010. During Kathleen’s tenure as the Minister of Transportation, she secured a new transit expansion plan for Toronto including the Eglinton-Scarborough LRT and oversaw Ontario’s largest highway investments including the Highway 407 East Extension and the Windsor-Essex Parkway. In addition, Kathleen worked t o introduce the Ontario Photo Card for non-drivers.As the Minister of Education, Kathleen led the government's efforts to reduce class sizes in the primary grades, to implement full-day kindergarten and to provide more opportunities for high school students to graduate and reach their full potential. Building on a lifetime of political activity and a career of public service, Kathleen is a knowledgeable and passionate advocate for her community of Don Valley West. She has led citizens groups in a number of grassroots community projects and has played a major role as an organizer and facilitator.She was formerly a Public School Trustee in Toronto. All of this has led to a results-based approach to life, government and community. Kathleen has three children, Chris, Jessie and Maggie, and two granddaughters, Olivia and Claire. Kathleen and her partner Jane have lived in North Toronto for more than twenty-five years. CONTACT US | ACCESSIBILITY | PRIVACY | SITE MAP COPYRIGHT Â © QUEEN'S PRINTER FOR ONTARIO, 2008 | IMPORTANT NOTICE – LAST MODIFIED:TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 25, 2012 www. mah. gov . on. ca/page7077. aspx 1/1

La Tomatina Festival in Spain

La Tomatina is Spain’s tomato throwing festival that takes place annually on the last Wednesday in August in the town of Buà ±ol. The origins of the festival are largely unknown, though a popular story tells of a group of teenagers who engaged in a food fight after a summertime religious celebration in the 1940s. Tomato throwing in Buà ±ol was banned by city officials until the townspeople held a ceremonial tomato burial to express their discontent. Fast Facts: La Tomatina Short Description: La Tomatina is an annual tomato throwing festival that began as a 1940s food fight and has since been recognized as a Fiesta of International Tourist Interest.  Ã‚  Event Date: The last Wednesday in August every yearLocation: Buà ±ol, Valencia, Spain The ban was lifted in 1959, and since then, La Tomatina has been recognized in Spain as an official Fiesta of International Tourist Interest. Since 2012, permitted entrance to La Tomatina has been capped at 20,000 people, and the city of Buà ±ol imports more than 319,000 pounds of tomatoes for the hour-long event. Origins It is unclear how Spain’s tomato festival began, as there are no accurate records detailing the origins of La Tomatina. Buà ±ol—the small village in the Spanish province of Valencia where La Tomatina takes place each year—had a population of only around 6,000 in the 1940s, and it is unlikely a minor public disturbance would have garnered much national, let alone international, attention, especially during World War II. The first Tomatina was thrown in the summer of 1944 or 1945 during a local religious celebration. Based on popular feasts in the mid-20th century, it was likely the Corpus Christi celebration, featuring a parade of Gigantes y Cabezudos—large, costumed, papier-mache figures—accompanied by a marching band. One popular Tomatina origin story details how a singer at the festival gave a dismal performance, and the townspeople, in disgust, snatched produce from vendors’ carts, tossing it at the singer. Another account details how the townspeople of Buà ±ol expressed their political discontent by rocketing tomatoes at civic leaders outside of the city hall. Given the economic and political situation of Spain in the mid-1940s, both of these retellings are likely more fiction than fact. Food rations were common, meaning the townspeople would be unlikely to waste produce, and protests were often met with aggression by local police forces. A more likely story is that a few teenagers, enlivened by the festival, either knocked over a pedestrian who began haphazardly throwing tomatoes or picked up tomatoes that had fallen from the bed of a passing lorry and threw them at each other, unknowingly creating one of Spain’s most popular annual events. Whatever the case, law enforcement intervened, ending the first Tomatina festival. However, the practice gained popularity in subsequent years, with local people bringing tomatoes from home to participate in the festivities until it was officially banned in the 1950s. Pablo Blazquez Dominuguez / Getty Images Burial of the Tomato   Ironically, it was the ban of the tomato throwing festivities in the early 1950s that did the most to increase its popularity. In 1957, the townspeople of Buà ±ol held a ceremonial tomato burial to express their discontent with the ban. They tucked a large tomato into a coffin and carried it through the streets of the village in a funeral procession. Local authorities lifted the ban in 1959, and by 1980, the city of Buà ±ol had taken over planning and execution of the festival. La Tomatina was televised for the first time in 1983, and since then, the festival has seen participation numbers increase dramatically. Tomatina Revival In 2012, Buà ±ol began requiring payment for entrance to La Tomatina, and the number of tickets was limited to 22,000, though the previous year had seen upwards of 45,000 visitors to the area. In 2002, La Tomatina was added to the list of Fiestas of International Tourist Interest. AFP / Getty Images   Festival-goers typically wear white to ensure maximum tomato carnage visibility and most don swim goggles for eye protection. Buses from Barcelona, Madrid, and Valencia begin to roll into Buà ±ol in the early hours of the final Wednesday in August, carrying sangria-drinking tourists from all over the world. Crowds gather in the Plaza del Pueblo, and at 10:00 a.m., a series of lorries carrying, as of 2019, more than 319,000 pounds of tomatoes drives through the crowds, passing out the vegetable ammunition. At 11:00 a.m., a gunshot indicates the start of the 60-minute long tomato throwing festival, and at 12:00 p.m., another gunshot signals the end. Tomato-soaked tourists wade through the rivers of tomato sauce to awaiting locals with hoses or down to the river for a quick rinse before boarding buses and vacating the city for another year. The original tomato throwing festival has sparked imitation celebrations in places like Chile, Argentina, South Korea, and China. Sources   Europa Press. â€Å"Alrededor de 120.000 kilos de tomates para tomatina de Buà ±ol procedentes de Xilxes.† Las Provincias [Valencia], 29 Aug. 2011.  Instituto Nacional de Estadà ­stica. Alteraciones de los municipios en los Censos de Poblacià ³n desde 1842. Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadà ­stica, 2019.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"La Tomatina.† Ayuntamiento De Bunyol, 25 Sept. 2015.Vives, Judith. â€Å"La Tomatina: guerra de tomates en Buà ±ol.† La Vanguardia [Barcelona], 28 Aug. 2018.